The questions raised by alleged GPS jamming of EU chief's flight

The alleged GPS jamming of a plane carrying Ursula von der Leyen by Russia raises concerns about air travel - but were there politics at play?

Jamming can overwhelm an aircraft's GPS navigation systems, preventing them from working properly, leaving pilots to rely on other ways of finding out where they are.

The European Commission president's aircraft was reportedly forced to land at a Bulgarian airport using 'paper maps' - after circling for an hour on Sunday.

The EU said there was GPS jamming but the plane was able to land safely, adding: "We have received information from Bulgarian authorities that they suspect this blatant interference was carried out by Russia."

But the timing of the allegation of GPS jamming - something reported to be routine along the Russian border - days before a crucial meeting of European leaders to discuss peacekeeping troops for Ukraine raises the question of why now?

Sky News has spoken to a pilot who was flying in the same area as Ms von der Leyen on Sunday, as well as a security expert with extensive knowledge of electronic warfare, to try and work out what happened.

What is GPS jamming?

GPS interference has become a known and widespread issue affecting aircraft over Europe in recent years, particularly since the outbreak of the war in Ukraine in 2022.

Experts generally point the finger at Russia, saying that Moscow uses GPS interference to defend against Ukrainian drones but maybe also to cause a nuisance for the West.

Jamming can overwhelm an aircraft's GPS navigation systems, preventing them from working properly, leaving pilots to rely on other ways of finding out where they are.

Read more: How 1,500 flights a day are reportedly GPS jammed

What happened to Ursula von der Leyen?

According to the Financial Times, the 'attack' disabled GPS navigation services at Plovdiv airport in Bulgaria on Sunday afternoon.

The aircraft was deprived of electronic navigational aids as it approached, the newspaper said. It circled the airport for an hour before the pilot decided to manually land the plane, apparently using paper maps.

The area is near a known hotspot for GPS interference and blame was quickly levelled at Russia - a claim that Moscow denied. Russia has denied other instances of GPS jamming in the past.

NATO chief Mark Rutte said the alliance takes the jamming of GPS signals "very seriously" and is working "day and night" to prevent that jamming, to ensure "they will not do it again".

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Pilot: Airport is in a known GPS interference area

Sean Fitzpatrick is an experienced pilot who regularly flies through areas known for GPS interference. Indeed, he flew within 40 miles of Plovdiv airport on the same day as Ms Von der Leyen.

He told Sky News: "That airport is in a known GPS interference area. Anyone flying in there would know that there's a high probability of having GPS issues."

While GPS jamming is a nuisance, pilots essentially turn off GPS receivers and rely on other aids like the instrument landing system, Sean said.

He added: "When I heard they were pulling out paper charts (to navigate) I'm like, why didn't they just have an iPad?"

Given that GPS jamming of flights near the Russian border is reported to be routine, Sean was asked if the choice to reveal this particular alleged incident to the media - so close to the coalition of the willing summit this week - was political.

"Based on the information I have, that's what it looks like... Based on what I've seen and the information that's available to the public and what I know as a professional... I think there's a bit of politics and sensationalism."

'We can make your life difficult'

Dr Thomas Withington, an expert on electronic warfare at the RUSI thinktank, agreed that there could be political angles to what happened.

"I think it's quite hard to say with any degree of certainty whether her aircraft was deliberately targeted," he told Sky News, noting that jamming signals are often sent out over a wide area. "But I'm sure that for Mr Putin it's a very happy coincidence."

He added: "Politically, what you're saying is 'we're here, we can make your life difficult'."

He also spoke about the wider impact of GPS jamming - and the possible dangers.

"I think it is important that the news went out there, because I think it indicates that Russia is an irresponsible actor, and these actions are grossly irresponsible, because you're attempting to create a danger to international air travel, and there is simply no justification for that."

He referenced the Azerbaijan Airlines flight in December, which was reportedly GPS jammed before it was mistakenly shot down by Russian air defences, killing 38 people.

"If those (Russian) actions cause loss of life, particularly in a NATO nation, I think it should be made very clear that a military response would be considered for that."

(c) Sky News 2025: The questions raised by alleged GPS jamming of EU chief's flight